Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity that can impact an individual's academic, social, and occupational functioning. While there is no known cure for ADHD, various therapies have been developed to help individuals manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life. The most effective therapy for ADHD will depend on the individual's unique needs and circumstances, but the following are some of the most commonly used therapies for ADHD.

Types of ADHD

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting children and adults. Symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity characterize ADHD. However, ADHD is not a one-size-fits-all disorder, and there are three main types of ADHD.

Inattentive ADHD

Predominantly inattentive ADHD, also known as ADD, is one of three types of ADHD. It is primarily characterized by symptoms of inattention, which can include difficulty focusing on tasks, forgetfulness, and disorganization. People with this type of ADHD may also have trouble with time management and planning. Since they may appear to be easily distracted and disengaged, others may perceive them as lazy or unmotivated. However, individuals with predominantly inattentive ADHD often genuinely desire to focus and complete tasks, but their brain struggles with staying on task. Recognizing these symptoms and seeking professional evaluation and treatment if needed is important.

Hyperactive-Impulsive ADHD

Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive ADHD is the second type of ADHD. Individuals with this type may experience restlessness, have difficulty staying seated or quiet for long periods, and may talk excessively. They may struggle to regulate their emotions and impulses, resulting in impulsive decisions and actions that can harm themselves or others. They may also struggle with patience and tend to interrupt others or blurt out inappropriate comments. This type of ADHD can be particularly challenging in social situations, leading to difficulties in making and keeping friends, and may lead to misunderstandings and conflicts with others.

Combined Type
The combined type of ADHD is the most common and is characterized by a combination of symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. People with this type may have difficulty staying focused on tasks, struggle to sit still, interrupt conversations or activities, and act impulsively without considering the consequences. These individuals may also have difficulty with time management, organization, and planning. The symptoms of combined type ADHD can significantly impact an individual's daily life, relationships, and work performance. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to managing symptoms and improving overall functioning.

It is important to note that symptoms can vary widely between individuals, and some may experience symptoms from more than one type of ADHD. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential in managing the symptoms of ADHD and improving the overall quality of life.

Symptoms of ADHD in Children and Adults

The symptoms in adults can vary widely depending on the individual, but generally, they fall into two categories: inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity disorders.

Inattention ADHD Symptoms:

• Difficulty focusing on tasks and becoming easily distracted

• Difficulty following through with instructions or completing tasks

• Difficulty organizing tasks and activities

• Difficulty sustaining attention during conversations or while reading

• Frequently losing or misplacing items

• Frequently forgetting important appointments or deadlines

Hyperactivity-impulsivity ADHD Symptoms:

• Restlessness and difficulty sitting still

• Difficulty engaging in leisure activities quietly

• Excessive talking or interrupting others

• Acting impulsively without considering the consequences

• Difficulty waiting for one's turn or delaying gratification

• Engaging in risky behaviors

Adults and children may also experience challenges such as time management, emotional and interpersonal self-regulation, and social relationships. It is important to note that the severity and presentation of symptoms can vary widely among individuals with ADHD. A comprehensive evaluation by a healthcare professional is needed for it to be accurately diagnosed.

Causes and Risk Factors

What causes it?

The exact cause of ADHD in adults is poorly understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Studies have shown a strong genetic component to ADHD, with the disorder running in families. Environmental factors such as exposure to toxins during pregnancy and early childhood, premature birth, and low birth weight have also been linked to an increased risk of developing ADHD.

Other risk factors for people with ADHD include a family history of childhood ADHD, substance abuse, anxiety, depression, and other mental health conditions. Chronic stress, poor sleep, and a sedentary lifestyle can also contribute to developing or worsening adult symptoms. Understanding the causes and risk factors can help individuals and healthcare professionals develop effective treatment plans.

ADHD Therapy Types & What Therapy is Best for ADHD?

ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity that can impact an individual's academic, social, and occupational functioning. While there is no known cure for ADHD, various therapies have been developed to help individuals manage and treat ADHD symptoms and improve their quality of life. The most effective ADHD therapy will depend on the individual's unique needs and circumstances, but the following are some of the most commonly used therapies for ADHD.

Behavioral Therapy

Behavioral therapy is a treatment approach that focuses on modifying behavior through positive reinforcement and other behavioral techniques. For people with ADHD, behavioral therapy can help them learn new skills and strategies to manage their symptoms, such as organizing their thoughts, completing tasks, and controlling impulsive behavior. Behavioral therapy may also involve parent training, which can help parents learn how to effectively manage their child's behavior and create a structured home environment that supports their child's needs. Additionally, behavioral therapy may include social skills training to help individuals with ADHD develop better social and communication skills.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a talk and behavior therapy that focuses on identifying and changing negative thinking and behavior patterns. For people with ADHD, CBT can help them learn to identify and challenge negative self-talk, develop coping strategies for managing symptoms, and improve their problem-solving and decision-making skills. Additionally, CBT can help individuals with ADHD manage their emotions, such as frustration and anger, which can be challenging for individuals with ADHD.

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy is a form of behavioral therapy that focuses on the present moment and accepting one's thoughts and feelings without judgment. For individuals with ADHD, mindfulness therapy can help improve attention and focus, reduce impulsivity, and improve emotional regulation. Additionally, mindfulness can help people with ADHD become more aware of their thoughts and behaviors, which can help them develop new coping strategies and improve their problem-solving skills.

Dialectical Behavioral Therapy

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a type of therapy that was originally developed specifically to treat borderline personality disorder but has since been adapted for use in treating a range of mental health conditions. There is limited research on the effectiveness of DBT for ADHD specifically. However, some studies have suggested that DBT may help improve impulsivity and emotional dysregulation symptoms, which can be associated with ADHD. Additionally, some individuals with ADHD may have co-occurring conditions, such as depression or anxiety, that may be effectively treated with DBT. Learning emotional self-regulation strategies will ultimately reduce the impact of ADHD symptoms.

It is important to note that the most effective treatments for ADHD typically involve a combination of medication, behavioral therapy, and lifestyle changes. While DBT may be a useful adjunct therapy for some individuals with ADHD, it should not be considered a standalone treatment for this disorder.

ADHD Coaching

ADHD coaching is a type of coaching that is designed specifically for individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. ADHD coaching involves working with a coach with specialized training and expertise in working with individuals with ADHD. The coach provides support, guidance, and practical strategies to help individuals with ADHD manage their symptoms and improve their overall functioning.

Coaching typically involves an initial assessment to identify areas of difficulty and establish goals for coaching. The coach then works with the individual to develop a personalized coaching plan, including implementing strategies for improving time management, organization, and focus. The coach may also provide support and encouragement to help the individual stay motivated and accountable for their progress.

Coaching can be conducted in person or remotely, and sessions may be conducted individually or in groups. While coaching is not a replacement for medication or other treatments, it can be a helpful adjunct therapy for individuals looking to improve their symptoms and enhance their quality of life by obtaining the skills needed to improve daily life.

Other Things That May Help Adult ADHD

Dietary:

Dietary therapy involves changing an individual's diet to manage ADHD symptoms. For example, some studies have suggested that a diet low in sugar and artificial additives may help improve ADHD symptoms. Additionally, some individuals may benefit from increasing their omega-3 fatty acids in fatty fish and other foods. However, more research is needed to understand the impact of dietary changes on ADHD symptoms fully.

Exercise:

Exercise therapy involves incorporating physical activity into an individual's daily routine to help manage ADHD symptoms. Exercise has been shown to increase dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain, improving focus and attention, reducing impulsivity, and decreasing hyperactivity. Additionally, exercise can help individuals with ADHD manage their emotions and reduce stress, benefiting individuals with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder.

Stimulant & Non-Stimulant medication

Medication Therapy:

Medication therapy is often used to manage the symptoms of ADHD in adults. ADHD medication, often stimulant medications such as methylphenidate and amphetamines, are the most commonly prescribed medications for ADHD. These medications work by increasing the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, which can improve focus and attention, reduce impulsivity, and decrease hyperactivity. Non-stimulant medications like atomoxetine and guanfacine may also be used to manage ADHD symptoms. These medications target other neurotransmitters in the brain involved in attention and impulse control.

Supportive Psychotherapy

Supportive psychotherapy is a type of therapy that focuses on providing emotional support and empathy to the individual rather than on identifying and changing problematic patterns of thinking or behavior. Some adults with ADHD may benefit from supportive psychotherapy as part of a comprehensive treatment plan that includes medication and behavioral therapies. Supportive psychotherapy can help individuals with ADHD develop a sense of self-worth and self-acceptance, which can be important for managing the emotional and interpersonal challenges associated with ADHD.

It is important to note that the most effective treatments for adults with ADHD typically involve a combination of medication, behavioral therapy, and lifestyle changes. While supportive psychotherapy may be a useful adjunct therapy for some individuals with ADHD, it should not be considered a standalone treatment for this disorder.

Develop good sleep habits.

Good sleep hygiene is essential for everyone but particularly important for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Sleep problems are common among individuals with ADHD; poor sleep can exacerbate ADHD symptoms and interfere with daily functioning.

Good sleep hygiene habits can help improve sleep quality and reduce symptoms of ADHD in adults. This includes setting and sticking to a consistent sleep schedule, avoiding stimulating activities and screens before bedtime, creating a comfortable sleep environment, and practicing relaxation techniques such as meditation or deep breathing.

Improving sleep hygiene can also positively impact other areas of life, including mental and physical health, work performance, and interpersonal relationships. For individuals with ADHD, good sleep hygiene can help reduce symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, improve mood and emotional regulation, and increase the overall quality of life.

If sleep problems persist despite efforts to improve sleep hygiene, it is important to speak with a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment options.

What Now?

The most effective therapy for adults with ADHD will depend on the individual's unique needs and circumstances. Behavioral therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, medication therapy, dietary therapy, exercise therapy, and mindfulness therapy are all effective therapies for managing ADHD symptoms. Individuals with ADHD must work with a healthcare provider to determine which therapy or combination.

Here is an article from the American Psychological Association (APA) about ADHD treatment:

Title: Psychological Treatment for Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Clinician’s Guide to Comparative Treatments Link: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2019-54720-001

This article discusses psychological treatments for adults with ADHD, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based interventions, and coaching. The article reviews the evidence for each treatment approach, highlighting the strengths and limitations of each. It also guides clinicians in selecting and implementing appropriate treatment strategies based on their patient's needs and preferences.